Partition of Punjab & Kashmir & its Impacts
( A 4 parts series) What Went Wrong?
Sukh
Dev Sohal (Amritsar), Aamir Riaz (Lhore), Harjinder Singh (Melbourne) ,
Gangveer Rathore Rahon along with Bikram Singh
Part 1: New Constitution, new political realities,
reconciliation and denials 1935 - 1940.
Part 2: US, the New global leader, De-colonization and
emergence of new political powers in British India. From Atlantic Charter of 14
August 1941 to December 1945 elections.
Part 3: 14 months that had changed the Punjab &
Kashmir altogether, an unprecedented massacre and migration; history has not
witnessed until today. From July 1946 to August 1947.
Part 4: Denial, Betrayal and conflict in post 1947 India
and Pakistan. From 1947 to 2020.
Note: Series started at 15th August 2020, Till this time two parts are aired, 2nd part was aired at 22 August and rest others will air at 29 August & 5 September 2020.
Watch the first part here
Part 1New Constitution, new political realities, reconciliation and denials 1935 - 1940.
Some important issues discussed in part 1
1. Pre 1935 politics
·
3rd division of Punjab
1901. Muslims felt it as decrease in Muslim pollution percentage while non
Muslim thought it as making another Muslim province while for colonial
rulers it was part of 3 duck policy to counter Germans i-e (a) formation of
Afghanistan as separate country other than British India in 1880s (b) Erection of Durand line 1894 (c) Formation of NWFP & FATA. Beginning of Land
alienation act and its politics. Shifting of battle of Urdu Hindi controversy
in Punjab. Making of a new intelligence system IPI.
·
Gradual shifting of Centre from coastal Calcutta to the borders of Punjab
through Delhi Darbar politics and its reactions. 1877-1904-1911
·
Pagri Sanbhal jatta 1907
·
Shifting of Centre and expulsion
of Delhi from Punjab 1911 December
·
McMahon Line 1914
·
Collapse of Ghadar movement 1914
·
Beginning of Gurdawara politics
·
Tricky Lucknow Pact 1916
·
Jillianawalla bagh massacre : End
of Arms struggle & club politics & beginning of new spaces for people
politics & misleading movements, khilafat, Hijrat, non-cooperation etc
·
Linguistic Provinces resolution
1920
·
Swaraj & Shafi league
politics
· Gurdwara act 1925
·
Provincial elections 1920, 23, 26
·
Secret lease agreement for Chutta Tibet, (GB) from Maharaja Kashmir 1927
·
Nehru Report 280 pages 1928
·
Allahbad address 1930
·
First Kashmir movement 1930-1
& Punjab: a movement started by those who were out of State mainly in
adjacent Punjabi districts or in cities where migrants were in meaningful number.
·
Communal award, beginning of
Dalit politics, Lucknow pact revised. Ahrar, ML, Unionists supported but
Congress & Akalies did not.
·
Shaheed Ganj and advice of fazl e
Hussain
2. Results of 1937 elections
·
Total seats 1585.. Congress 707
Independent 385 Muslimleague 106
(Bombay, UP, Bengal) Others 397
·
95
(Unionist Party), 14 (Khalsa National Board), 11 (Hindu Election Board), 10
(Akalis), 4 (Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam), cong 18, Muslim League 1/2
3. Reconciliation efforts by Jnnah: 6 letters between Jinnah & Nehru & answers 1937
4. Arrogance of Congress to portray it as sole spokesman of British India.
1937
5. Nearness between Muslim Majority
provinces with ML, Inclusion of A K Fazlul Haq in ML, Sikender Jinnah pact 1937
6. Amendment in Defense of India act
1915 and reactions as well as actions 1938
7. Atrocities, communal policies largely anti Muslim, shift from Hindostani to
Hindi, Urdu Hindi Controversy, Hindi Tamil Controversy, Banday Matram,
Correspondence between Tagore & Subhash C Bose regarding Banday matram, Mahatma,
Azad, Birla nexus against S C Bose who was President of Congress, Muslim mass
contact movement , Two letters of Iqbal
to Jinnah, 1938, that indicated two Muslim States within or outside British India.
8. WW2, resignation of Congress ministries just to blackmail Colonial power, Day of deliverance
by ML, closeness between Muslims of Minority & Majority provinces under ML,
German radio & influence of Germans, Hitler Stalin secret meeting regarding
Eurasia, Antiwar narrative of Ahrar and CPI, 1939
9.
English governor
removed Hindi as essential subject in Madrass at 21 Feb 1940 that was the demand of Tamil protests since Congress rule 1937-9. Lhore Resolution 1940, exactly after ten years of
Baghat Singh hanging, Punjab & Bengal premiers attended it, Authors said that we followed US constitution based
on federalism, No mention of Pakistan in resolution yet Pro Congress media called it
Pakistan Resolution instead of Lhore Resolution. Protests & arrests
continue against war efforts yet Congress remained confused in spite of out of power, book of Dr
Ambedkar and smart suggestion to divide Punjab & Bengal on communal lines 1940.
Part 2 US, the New global leader, De-colonization and
emergence of new political powers in British India. From Atlantic Charter of 14
August 1941 to December 1945 elections in British India.
1. US & USSR were supporting China in AntiJapanese war since 1937
2. Tri partite agreement signed between Germany Japan & Italy Sept 1940
3. Throughout 1940, Germany & USSR
were taking control of various nations including fall of France in June 1940 in
favor of Hitler & bombing in UK.
4. Lend & Lease politics , the law passed at 11 March 1941, US President
got immense powers
5. Attack of Hitler on USSR 22 June1941
6. Atlantic Charter 14 August 1941
7. Correspondence between Roosevelt & Churchill 1939-45, book of Peter
Clark.
8. Attack on Pearl Harbor USA by Japanese
7 December 1941
9. Conference of 26 countries in Washington 01 Jan 1942
10.
Cripps Mission
March 1942
11.
INA and its
politics
12.
Defeat of
Germany & Italy mid 1943
13.
End of
Comintern, 3rd International May 1943
14.
Tehran
Conference December 1943… end of
15.
The International
Monetary Fund and the World Bank were both created at
an international conference convened in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United
States in July 1944
16.
Yalta
Conference Feb 1945
17.
Defeat
of Japanese June 1945
18.
Use
of Atomic bomb in Japan August 1945
Politics in British India 1940-46 elections
19.
Lala Lajpat Rai,
Nehru Report & Ambedkar suggestion of communal division vs C R Formula,
Allahbad address & Lhore resolution
20.
August Offer
1940
21.
Muslim League annual
session 1941 in Madrass , dravidistan Justice party was with ML. E V Ramaswami
Naicker Periyar.
22.
National Defence
council, Sir Sikandar included but left due to ML demand 1941.. in War council
Ambedkar, noon, Sir Hormasji
Pherozeshah Modi, Jogender Singh,
23.
Cripps Mission
March 1942 but since late 1941 it was on cards. Punjabi communistoon ka daftar
meclord road lhore, inclusion of communists in training at Burma front, a book
written by an indian communist.
24.
2nd C
R Formula April 1942 Rajgopal Acharya and Mian Iftiqaruddin along with 13 other
congress working committee members.
25.
July 1942 Lifting
ban on CPI , but since late 1941 it was on cards. Punjabi communistoon ka
daftar meclord road lhore, inclusion of communists in training at Burma front,
a book written by an Indian communist.
26.
Quit India resolution,
too late, without Punjab, Bengal, Madrass, without Ahrar, Communists.. leaders
arrested
27.
Answer to Churchill
from Roosevelt after quit india… do more
28.
Death of Skandar
27 December 1942
29.
Adhikari thesis.
Support of CPI to AIML 1943-46
30.
Anticommunist
lobby in congress
31.
Comparison of
CPC & CPI
32.
Gandhi Jinnah
talks May 1944
33.
Result of 1946
elections and an article
Punjab
175 Sindh 60 NWFP 50 Bengal 250=535
Cong
51 18 30 86= 185
AIML 73 27 17 113= 230
Others
and independent
=120
Percentage of
nonmuslims in NWFP assembly?
Link of Part 2
Part 2 US, the New global leader, De-colonization and emergence of new political powers in British India. From Atlantic Charter of 14 August 1941 to December 1945 elections in British India.
Part 3: 14 months that had changed the Punjab & Kashmir altogether, an unprecedented massacre and migration; history has not witnessed until today. From July 1946 to August 1947.
It will air at saturday 5.30pm (Pak Time) 29th August 2020
